[Linux] Clone a Hard Drive Using an Ubuntu Live CD

Whether you’re setting up multiple computers or doing a full backup, cloning hard drives is a common maintenance task. Don’t bother burning a new boot CD or paying for new software – you can do it easily with your Ubuntu Live CD.

Not only can you do this with your Ubuntu Live CD, you can do it right out of the box – no additional software needed! The program we’ll use is called dd, and it’s included with pretty much all Linux distributions. dd is a utility used to do low-level copying – rather than working with files, it works directly on the raw data on a storage device.

Note: dd gets a bad rap, because like many other Linux utilities, if misused it can be very destructive. If you’re not sure what you’re doing, you can easily wipe out an entire hard drive, in an unrecoverable way.

Of course, the flip side of that is that dd is extremely powerful, and can do very complex tasks with little user effort. If you’re careful, and follow these instructions closely, you can clone your hard drive with one command.

We’re going to take a small hard drive that we’ve been using and copy it to a new hard drive, which hasn’t been formatted yet.

To make sure that we’re working with the right drives, we’ll open up a terminal (Applications > Accessories > Terminal) and enter in the following command

sudo fdisk –l

We have two small drives, /dev/sda, which has two partitions, and /dev/sdc, which is completely unformatted. We want to copy the data from /dev/sda to /dev/sdc.

Note: while you can copy a smaller drive to a larger one, you can’t copy a larger drive to a smaller one with the method described below.

Now the fun part: using dd. The invocation we’ll use is:

sudo dd if=/dev/sda of=/dev/sdc

In this case, we’re telling dd that the input file (“if”) is /dev/sda, and the output file (“of”) is /dev/sdc. If your drives are quite large, this can take some time, but in our case it took just less than a minute.

If we do sudo fdisk –l again, we can see that, despite not formatting /dev/sdc at all, it now has the same partitions as /dev/sda.

Additionally, if we mount all of the partitions, we can see that all of the data on /dev/sdc is now the same as on /dev/sda.

Note: you may have to restart your computer to be able to mount the newly cloned drive.

And that’s it…If you exercise caution and make sure that you’re using the right drives as the input file and output file, dd isn’t anything to be scared of. Unlike other utilities, dd copies absolutely everything from one drive to another – that means that you can even recover files deleted from the original drive in the clone!

[Website]

http://freefulldownloadfiles.blogspot.com

How To Trace An Email

Source: http://www.onimoto.com/cache/50.html

The purpose of this guide is to show the process involved in tracing an email. The first step required to tracing an email is finding out the headers of the email. What are headers? Email headers are lines added at the top of an email message that are used by servers as the email goes on route to get delivered. Generally email clients only show the standard To, From, and Subject headers, but there are more.

1) Enabling Email Headers

Enabling Email Headers For Gmail

Step 1:Once Logged into your Gmail Account open the Email whose headers you want to view. Click on the “More Options” link in the message next to the date of the email.



Step 2: Now click the “Show Original” link.



Step 3: This link will popup a new window the headers and the body of the message.

Enabling Email Headers For Hotmail

Step 1:Once logged in, click on the "Options" link in the upper navigation bar.



Step 2: Now click on the "Mail Display Settings" link.



Step 3: Change the "Message Headers" option to "Full" and click ok.



Step 4: Go to your inbox and open any one of your email. You emails show now contain additional headers.

Enabling Email Headers For Yahoo

Step 1:Once logged in, click on the "Options" link in the upper navigation bar.



Step 2: Now click on the "General Preferences" link.



Step 3: In the paragraph titled Messages and locate the "Headers" heading and select "All".



Step 4: Go to your inbox and open any one of your email. You emails show now contain additional headers.

2) Understanding Email Headers

In this example the “Sender” located at sender@exampleuniversity.edu want to send an email to “Receiver” located at receiver@exampleisp.com. The sender composes his email at his workstation in the university’s computer lab (lab.exampleuniversity.edu). Once completed the email message is passed to the university’s mail server called mail.exampleuniversity.com. The mail server seeing that it has a message for receiver@exampleisp.com, contacts someisp.com mail server and delivers the email to it. The email is stored on someisp.com server until Receiver logs on to check his/her inbox.

In this example, four headers will be added to the email message. This first header is generated by email client on lab.exampleuniversity.edu when forwarding it to the mail server at mail.exampleuniversity.edu.



The following header is added when mail.exampleuniversity.edu transmits the message to mail.exampleisp.com.


The following header is added when mail.exampleisp.com stores the message on the server for Reciever.



The following header is added when Reciever downloads the email from home machine called reciever.local.

3) Tracking The Orginal Sender

The easiest way for finding the original sender is by looking for the X-Originating-IP header, this header is important since it tells you the IP Address of the computer that had sent the email. If you can not find the X-Originating-IP header then you will have to sift through the Received headers to find the sender's ip.



Once the email sender's ip is found go to http://www.arin.net/ to begin a search.



Now click on the "NET-24-16-0-0-1" link.



Scroll down the page untill you find the OrgAbuseEmail field.



Remember to include all the headers of the email along with an attached copy when filling a complaint.

[Windows XP] Backing up your data

Backing up your data

Insert the disk in the CD/DVD drive and when windows autorun prompts you to run the Windows 7 installer, don’t run it and instead select the option to browse/open the DVD.

In the DVD, under the support folder, there will be a folder named migwiz.

Run the program named, migsetup.exe. This is the Windows Easy Transfer tool. Microsoft wrote Windows Easy Transfer to help you transfer all your data and settings to a new machine when upgrading to a newer operating system.

As you can see, with this tool, you will be able to migrate all user accounts, email, user data and pretty much everything else from Windows XP to Windows 7.

The only thing that the Easy Transfer tool cannot take care of are the third party programs that you have installed, so you’ll need to reinstall them again. This is a limitation imposed by Microsoft and it is, currently, not possible to upgrade from XP to Windows 7 and while keeping all the third party programs as it is.

Click Next at the welcome screen and you’ll be asked to chose one of three choices for the location where you want to store all the data that the tool will save.

I chose the “External Hard disk or USB flash drive” option and I recommend that you do the same since it sounds the easiest one. If your XP machine is connected to a network and you have a network share that you can use, feel free to select that option, and click on the Next button.

The next option is pretty self explanatory and is actually the only option on the screen so select “This is my old computer” and move on.

The easy transfer tool will then scan the various user accounts for all the data that it can migrate.

Click Next and select a password for the archive. This password will be later used on Windows 7 to complete the migrartion of your settings and data. And the last step of the process is to chose the location where the Easy transfer file will be saved. Connect an external hard disc to the machine, if you haven’t done so already, and select it.

That’s it.

[Linux] Command

chmod 744 < file name location >

chmod 755 < folder name >